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A closed system is defined as any water system that is used to transfer heat which is not open to the air and has less than 5% make up due to system volume loss per day. Cooling Towers, even called from Meccanical Engineers as "closed systems" are considered as "open" according to chemistry criteria, because the water is contacting the air also, and not only the metal surfaces. As to distinguish from the once through systems, which are completely open, we, the Chemical Engineers, are defining as "Open Recirculting", or "Open Evaporative" cooling water systems. |
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